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	{\begin{center}
Sex and Gender in Cardiology
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\begin{document} 
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\MYTITLE{Sex and Gender in Cardiology}


901620 Geschlechtsspezifische Aspekte von Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen\\
cand. med. Alexander \"Olzant, Medical University of Vienna, 9301547\\
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\vspace*{.5in} % adjust this to makes things fit nicely 
\begin{enumerate} 
\item Introduction - terms: sex, gender, and medicine
\item Results - 3 example publications 
\item Conclusions - outlook
\end{enumerate} 


\BS
\MYTITLE{Introduction - Glossary}
{\bfseries\sffamily Sex:} biologically determined, but still culturally discursive (external Genitalia, genetic markers, hormonal make-up)

{\bfseries\sffamily Gender:} in cultural studies: dependent on social interaction, reflective manifestation (I treat you as male/you treat me as female) - {\itshape\sffamily tertium non datur}: socially only male/female accepted, nothing outside

{\bfseries\sffamily Medicine:} is a positivistic science ($\rightarrow$ EBM), therefore cannot follow the gender discourse of the social/cultural sciences (however, medicine as ais in itself discursively 

\BS
\MYTITLE{Results 1/3 - A matter of life and breath: childhood socioeconomic status
is related to young adult pulmonary function in the CARDIA study.  }
Jackson, B/Kubzansky, LD/Cohen, S/Weiss, S/Wright, RJ {\it Int J Epidemiol.} 33 Apr 2004, Nr. 2, 271-8

\begin{itemize} 
\item Socioeconomic Status (SES), Gender $\rightarrow$ pulmonary function
\item SES measured by education of parents: sorrogate marker
\item Rationale: Gender as social function like SES, not independent variable
\end{itemize} 

\BS
\MYTITLE{Results 2/3 -   Lori Mosca's Evidence-Based Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease Preention in Women }
\begin{itemize} 
\item EBM data
\item No psychological or social parameters evaluated - gender as independent variable
\item Physiological studies - but what are the determinants?
\end{itemize} 

\BS
\MYTITLE{Results 3/3 - Diploma Thesis: Geschlechtsrelevante Merkmale
Alkoholabh\"angiger in Bezug auf die einzelnen Items der Typologie
nach Lesch. Medizinische Universit\"at Wien, 2006 }
Verena Altmann
\begin{itemize} 
\item Sorts drinkers into 4 categories
\item {\color{red} Men}: mostly Type IV (`cerebral damage')
\item {\color{green} Women}: more in Type III (`social drinker')
\item No explanation, though findings concur with other papers
\end{itemize} 

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\MYTITLE{Conclusions - Good Practice}
\begin{itemize} 
\item ``sex differences'' used for merely biological variables
\item ``gender differences'' used for {\color{red} combined social and biological influences}
\item $\rightarrow$ No differentiation, so virtually all papers labelled ``gender''
\end{itemize} 
\pause
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\MYTITLE{Further Studies}
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\begin{itemize} 
\item Effects of socialisation and reflective gender manifestation
\item Differences in time management, education and access to health care within and between genders
\end{itemize} 





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